UT - Ultrasonic Testing

Wavelength:

λ = lambda or wavelength
V = velocity
f = frequency

Snell's Law:

Sin = sine of angle
V = velocity

Near Field:

or, substituting wavelength (λ)

N = near field
D = diameter of the transducer
f = frequency
V = velocity

Acoutic Impedence:

Z = acoutic impedence
p = density of the material
V = velocity

Half Beam Spread:

or, substituting wavelength (λ)

Θ = half beam angle
λ = lambda or wavelength
V = velocity
D = diameter of the transducer
f = frequency

RT - Radiographic Testing

Inverse Square Law:

I₁ = Intensity at D₁
I₂ = Intensity at D₂
D₁ = Distance 1 from source
D₂ = Distance 2 from source

Geometric Unsharpness:

U_g = Geometric unsharpness
F = Source size (maximum projected dimension)
d = Distance from source side of object being radiographed to the film
D = Distance from source of radiation to object being radiographed

Curies and Bequerels - Relationship:

Half-Value Layers - Gamma (mm):

Half-Value Layers - X-ray (mm):